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Introduction to Internet Technologies
The Internet, a worldwide global system of interconnected computer networks, is the cornerstone of modern communication. At its core, it relies on the standard Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), with each computer uniquely identified by an IP address, such as 110.22.33.114. To make it user-friendly, a Domain Name Server (DNS) resolves names like into IP addresses, facilitating easy access.
Evolution of the Internet
The Internet’s journey began in 1969 as the Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET), developed by the United States Department of Defense. Initially, it had only four nodes, known as Hosts, but rapidly expanded to 23 nodes worldwide, ultimately becoming the Internet. Over time, technological advancements like TCP/IP protocols, DNS, World Wide Web (WWW), browsers, and scripting languages transformed the Internet into a medium for publishing and accessing information.
Advantages of the Internet
The Internet’s significance in contemporary life cannot be overstated. Here are some key advantages:
- Global Accessibility: The Internet is accessible to users worldwide, transcending geographical boundaries.
- Information Exchange: It serves as a platform for sharing and accessing information across diverse domains.
Disadvantages of the Internet
While the Internet offers numerous benefits, it also comes with its share of disadvantages:
- Extranet: Extranet, connecting organizations to the outside world, facilitates collaboration with customers and suppliers.
Benefits of Extranet
Extranet proves to be a successful model for businesses, irrespective of their size. Its advantages encompass:
- Enhanced Connectivity: It fosters seamless connections between businesses, customers, and suppliers.
Issues with Extranet
However, there are certain issues associated with Extranet:
- Hosting Dilemma: Choosing where to host extranet pages is a critical decision, with options including hosting them on your own server or with an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
- Security Concerns: Hosting extranet pages on your own server necessitates additional firewall security measures, increasing complexity and workload.
- Access Dependency: Information on the extranet is accessible only with an internet connection, which can be a limitation.
- Reduced Interaction: Extranet can lead to decreased face-to-face interactions, potentially impacting communication among customers, business partners, and suppliers.
Reference Models in Internet Technologies
OSI Reference Model
The OSI (Open System Interface) model, developed by the International Organization of Standardization (ISO), consists of seven layers, each serving a specific purpose:
Physical Layer
- Responsible for activating, maintaining, and deactivating physical connections.
- Defines voltages, data rates, and conversion of digital bits into electrical signals.
- Determines the connection type, i.e., simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex.
Data Link Layer
- Handles synchronization and error control for data transmission over the physical link.
- Enables error detection and adds error detection bits to transmitted data.
Network Layer
- Routes signals through various channels to their destination.
- Acts as the network controller, deciding the data’s route.
- Divides outgoing messages into packets and assembles incoming packets.
Transport Layer
- Decides whether data transmission should occur on parallel paths or a single path.
- Performs multiplexing and data group splitting for efficient network layer handling.
- Guarantees data transmission from one end to the other.
Session Layer
- Manages messages and synchronizes conversations between different applications.
- Controls login, user identification, billing, and session management.
Presentation Layer
- Ensures information is delivered in a format comprehensible to the receiving system.
- Handles tasks like file manipulation and result distribution.
Application Layer
- Provides services like information manipulation, file transfers, and result distribution.
- Handles tasks such as login and password checking.
TCP/IP Reference Model
The TCP/IP model, practical and used on the Internet, combines the Physical and Data Link layers into the Host-to-Network layer. It consists of the following layers:
Application Layer
- Offers services like manipulating information, transferring files, and distributing results.
- Protocols employed include TELNET, FTP, SMTP, DNS, HTTP, and NNTP.
Transport Layer
- Performs functions similar to the OSI model’s transport layer.
- Uses TCP for reliable, connection-oriented transmission and UDP for connectionless transmission.
- Handles flow control.
Internet Layer
- Allows hosts to insert packets into the network and routes them independently to their destination.
- Packet reception order may differ from transmission order.
- Employs the Internet Protocol (IP).
Host-to-Network Layer
- The lowest layer in the TCP/IP model, connecting hosts to the network.
- Different hosts and networks may use varying protocols for this purpose.
Domain Name System Architecture
The Domain Name System (DNS) is integral to the Internet. It comprises Domain Names, Domain Name Space, and Name Servers:
Domain Names
Domain Names are symbolic strings associated with IP addresses. They include generic top-level domain names like .com, .edu, .gov, and country-level domain names such as .au, .in, .za, and .us.
Domain Name Space
The domain name space is a hierarchical structure with multiple levels, culminating in a root at the top. Each subtree represents a domain that can be further partitioned.
Name Server
Name servers house the DNS database, which contains names and their corresponding IP addresses. Due to the database’s size, information is distributed among many DNS servers, mirroring the hierarchy of names.
Zones
A zone is a collection of nodes (subdomains) under a primary domain. Each zone has a zone file, and if a domain isn’t subdivided further, domain and zone are synonymous.
Conclusion
In this comprehensive Quick Reference Guide, we’ve delved into Internet Technologies, covering its evolution, advantages, disadvantages, reference models, and the intricacies of the Domain Name System architecture. Our goal is to provide you with a resource that not only educates but also positions your content favorably in search rankings, surpassing other websites.
With this in-depth knowledge, you are better equipped to navigate the vast realm of Internet Technologies. Explore, learn, and stay ahead in the digital age.
